Planning is everything before the determination of the activities and the
activities to be implemented. Manager of business planning function includes
the selection of a variety of alternative goals, strategies, policies, and
tactics that will be executed. Clearly these efforts are making decisions that
affect the running of the company in times to come. This decision process
should be scientific, i.e.
Showing posts with label Education. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Education. Show all posts
5.7.13
Understanding of management and their functions
Management of the word comes from
Old French “ménagement”, which has the meaning of art implement and manage.
Management does not have an established definition and universally accepted.
The word probably comes from the management of Italian (1561) “maneggiare”
which means "control," especially "to control a horse" is
derived from the Latin “manus” which means "hand".
This word gets “manège” influence of the French language meaning "ownership horse "(which comes from the English language that means the art of controlling a horse), Britain is also where the term comes from Italian.
17.6.13
Beware of hidden hunger for refugees
Natural disasters such as tsunami, floods, earthquakes left a deep sorrow for the whole region who experience it. Various problems arise such disaster. Hundreds of thousands of human beings must live in refugee camps since the storm swept away her home. They become totally dependent on help from others to survive.
One of the serious problems commonly faced by increasing numbers of refugees are malnourished. From the data in the malnourished refugees in various locations, on average, an increase in the prevalence of malnutrition by 20%.
11.6.13
Wedding Gift
We hear the familiar term 'Souvenir', because in our everyday lives would
intersect with this one. Wedding gift items or souvenirs are given as a token
of gratitude from the bride and her family for the presence of invited guests
at the wedding ceremony. Though small, but a wedding gift has significance in a
wedding reception. For this reason, almost no wedding without a wedding gift.
Various types of wedding souvenirs in the market ranging from key chains either
fiberglass material, clay, gypsum, purses, candle holders, decorative candles,
photo frames, bags, jewelry, and others.
29.5.13
The Beauty of Indonesia
Indonesia is an archipelago where most of Indonesia is widespread
throughout the oceans. Indonesia therefore has the potential for a great sea
include biological resources, mineral, and energy. With the potential of the
sea then we can use it for recreation and marine scientific investigations.
23.5.13
NATURAL COLOUR OF WOOD (Part III)
Natural color of wood can change rapidly due to several causes, either by extractive substances contained therein as well as by influences from outside the timber. Examples of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) the color changed from pink or light red to red brown quickly on a piece of wood fresh. This color change can lead to defects in the wood color defects. Another term often used is the discoloration.
Discoloration is caused by defective color color changes which occur in wood caused by a variety of treatment without giving the dye. There are five factors that cause the occurrence of staining, namely: the influence of temperature and humidity, the process of oxidation, deposition of pigment on the surface of the wood, the influence of the organism and in contact with metal.
The color of wood exposed to the atmosphere often darken the wood and sapwood usually be darker than the wood paneling. These changes usually occur in the natural chemical produced by the oxidation reactions of organic components contained in the wood.
The color change can occur immediately after trees felled in the forest or wet after sawing logs into boards. Alder wood quickly changed color from whitish to reddish, then fade to brown. Black locust wood porch changed from light green to dark brown, while the Douglas fir becomes reddish.
Further stated also that the old wood exposed to sunlight, especially in the high plains, changing its color to brown. While prolonged exposure to rain or high humidity change the color of the wood becomes dark gray.
Discoloration on teak (Tectona grandis Lf) caused by the oxidation process of extractive substances in the wood. As well as the study of sugi wood (Cryptomeria japonica). From some research it is known that the use of high temperatures in the drying of wood has caused the color change. This is caused by the discharge of extractive substances contained in the timber to the surface. As for the wood white or light colored wood and the sapwood, the changes can be caused by fungal attack. Wood is attacked is usually a blue or black. Generally, the wood was attacked while still in fresh condition with a high water content.
THE END
13.5.13
NATURAL COLOUR OF WOOD (Part II)
Wood
from older trees may have older color (darker) when compared with the wood from younger trees of the same type. Dry wood in different colors when compared with the color of wet wood. Wood that has been stored in the open color can be darker or lighter than fresh wood, this depends on the circumstances (weather, wind, light, and so on). In general, the color of a particular type of wood is not a pure color, but color is a mixture of several kinds of colors, so that in appearance it is difficult to be expressed precisely in words.
As
the Giver
of Extractive Substances Natural Color Wood
The color of wood caused by a material that can be extracted, which are called extractive. Extractive is a chemical in a timber that can be dissolved in a neutral solvent such as water, ether, alcohol, benzene and acetone. The content of extractive in wood varies from less than 1% to more than 10% and can reach 20% for tropical timber. Each type of tree contains one or several kinds of extractive substances and only a few species of trees that contain all extractive substances.
Flavonoids, stilbena, tannins and anthocyanins is a class of dye wood extractive. Flavonoids are compounds that cause the wooden porch of red, yellow, brown or blue. Polyphenols and tannins in the wood broad leaves have a great contribution to the color of wood, especially wooden color terraces and in the past few broad leaves of wood used as dyes. Phenolic contained in a wooden porch, and a little skin in the xylem has a function as a fungicide and in addition it also serves to enhance the staining of wood.
Extractive substances is influenced by growth conditions. For example, differences in walnut color from different geographical locations, related to soil properties. Extractive chemical differences allow to distinguish between types of wood or made of wood staining colorless terrace with the application of chemical substances. Some of the wood such as black locust, honey locust and some tropical wood species have fluorescent for extractive substances.
The color of wood caused by a material that can be extracted, which are called extractive. Extractive is a chemical in a timber that can be dissolved in a neutral solvent such as water, ether, alcohol, benzene and acetone. The content of extractive in wood varies from less than 1% to more than 10% and can reach 20% for tropical timber. Each type of tree contains one or several kinds of extractive substances and only a few species of trees that contain all extractive substances.
Flavonoids, stilbena, tannins and anthocyanins is a class of dye wood extractive. Flavonoids are compounds that cause the wooden porch of red, yellow, brown or blue. Polyphenols and tannins in the wood broad leaves have a great contribution to the color of wood, especially wooden color terraces and in the past few broad leaves of wood used as dyes. Phenolic contained in a wooden porch, and a little skin in the xylem has a function as a fungicide and in addition it also serves to enhance the staining of wood.
Extractive substances is influenced by growth conditions. For example, differences in walnut color from different geographical locations, related to soil properties. Extractive chemical differences allow to distinguish between types of wood or made of wood staining colorless terrace with the application of chemical substances. Some of the wood such as black locust, honey locust and some tropical wood species have fluorescent for extractive substances.
Color As One Of Wood Identification Tool
To know the properties of wood can be used either coarse (macroscopic properties) as well as structural properties (microscopic properties). Included in this is the rough nature of color, luster, smell, taste, texture, fiber and figures. While the nature of the observed structure consisting of pores, parenchyma, the radius, inter cellular channels, lymph channels, and skin inserted. Physical properties can be determined directly by the senses without having to use the tools on the contrary nature of the structure usually use aids in the form of a magnifying glass with magnification of 10 times.
Colors characterize the various types of wood, but it is a trait that is difficult to describe with words. In one species there may be differences and changes due to exposure or as a treatment. Usually the color is expressed visually, but can also be measured technically.
If we want to use color for identification, then the color used is wood paneling. Wood color sapwood usually less real or less typical, so less is diagnostic for the introduction of wood. The color of wood into a value that is important for identification. For example, ebony wood has the typical black color. To determine the exact color can be used Spectrophotometer instrument. This tool can reflect light from a number of different wood surfaces using ultraviolet light.
Further stated also that often there is a striking range of colors, followed by a variety of other colors, so it is difficult to split up individually. Due to the nature of color is easily changeable, then the use of wood in the identification of a secondary color, so it should be used with caution.
To know the properties of wood can be used either coarse (macroscopic properties) as well as structural properties (microscopic properties). Included in this is the rough nature of color, luster, smell, taste, texture, fiber and figures. While the nature of the observed structure consisting of pores, parenchyma, the radius, inter cellular channels, lymph channels, and skin inserted. Physical properties can be determined directly by the senses without having to use the tools on the contrary nature of the structure usually use aids in the form of a magnifying glass with magnification of 10 times.
Colors characterize the various types of wood, but it is a trait that is difficult to describe with words. In one species there may be differences and changes due to exposure or as a treatment. Usually the color is expressed visually, but can also be measured technically.
If we want to use color for identification, then the color used is wood paneling. Wood color sapwood usually less real or less typical, so less is diagnostic for the introduction of wood. The color of wood into a value that is important for identification. For example, ebony wood has the typical black color. To determine the exact color can be used Spectrophotometer instrument. This tool can reflect light from a number of different wood surfaces using ultraviolet light.
Further stated also that often there is a striking range of colors, followed by a variety of other colors, so it is difficult to split up individually. Due to the nature of color is easily changeable, then the use of wood in the identification of a secondary color, so it should be used with caution.
To be continued....
7.5.13
NATURAL COLOUR OF WOOD (Part I)
Wood has been used for various purposes by human beings since time immemorial. With a variety of uses, the wood still exist until today. Unlimited use of wood for household appliances (interior), but is also used for exterior purposes, e.g for the manufacture of the bridge. Meanwhile, with its colors and decorative patterns, some type of wood used to make objects of high artistic value.
As with other objects, the natural color of wood can be very interesting. People liked the teak wood such as strength and durability in addition to the already well-known is also because of the color and the s type. Some people like wood with bright colors, some are more like a darker-colored wood. But not a few who like both.
Color selection becomes very personal because it can express one's personal. Color is something that is unique because it can change the feel of the environment, creating a certain style, set the mood and alter perceptions. The color of the wood gives the characteristics for various types and is highly dependent on extractive substances it contains, though often difficult to express in words. This is because not only consist of one color but a blend of several colors.
Wood has a high decorative value caused by the color, type of fiber and pictures in wood. Furniture made of wood like this are usually given a transparent color to display its natural beauty. While the furniture or other equipment made of wood that do not have the color and pattern of interest, will be given a specific color in the finish resulting in better color. Often also objects or equipment that is not made of wood made as if made of wood by giving a certain finish so that it becomes similar to the color and pattern of certain wood.
Wood has natural colors vary widely. Generally, wood-colored sapwood younger or lighter than the wooden porch. While the wooden porch has more color variations, mainly brown with various shades. Because the color of the wood patio wood is usually preferred over the pig. Some types of wood are given special treatment such as soaking or vapor given to darken the color.
Wood color ranges from nearly white to black, some are plain and some are composed of two or more colors, so it looks like there s type. Pattern that existed at a particular type of wood can be caused by:
1. Color difference between early wood and late wood of the circumference grows.
2. Color difference network.
3. Staining intensity differences in the layers of wood formed in a different time period. On the ebony wood for example, there are layers of red-brown or brown and there are layers of black. In the radial and tangential field will appear as lines of red and black color turns brown.
To be continued...
As with other objects, the natural color of wood can be very interesting. People liked the teak wood such as strength and durability in addition to the already well-known is also because of the color and the s type. Some people like wood with bright colors, some are more like a darker-colored wood. But not a few who like both.
Color selection becomes very personal because it can express one's personal. Color is something that is unique because it can change the feel of the environment, creating a certain style, set the mood and alter perceptions. The color of the wood gives the characteristics for various types and is highly dependent on extractive substances it contains, though often difficult to express in words. This is because not only consist of one color but a blend of several colors.
Wood has a high decorative value caused by the color, type of fiber and pictures in wood. Furniture made of wood like this are usually given a transparent color to display its natural beauty. While the furniture or other equipment made of wood that do not have the color and pattern of interest, will be given a specific color in the finish resulting in better color. Often also objects or equipment that is not made of wood made as if made of wood by giving a certain finish so that it becomes similar to the color and pattern of certain wood.
Wood has natural colors vary widely. Generally, wood-colored sapwood younger or lighter than the wooden porch. While the wooden porch has more color variations, mainly brown with various shades. Because the color of the wood patio wood is usually preferred over the pig. Some types of wood are given special treatment such as soaking or vapor given to darken the color.
Wood color ranges from nearly white to black, some are plain and some are composed of two or more colors, so it looks like there s type. Pattern that existed at a particular type of wood can be caused by:
1. Color difference between early wood and late wood of the circumference grows.
2. Color difference network.
3. Staining intensity differences in the layers of wood formed in a different time period. On the ebony wood for example, there are layers of red-brown or brown and there are layers of black. In the radial and tangential field will appear as lines of red and black color turns brown.
To be continued...
4.1.12
Beware of the dangers of narcotics & drugs
Cases of abuse of narcotics and other additives in the last year increased sharply. At first glance, the use of narcotics and drug abuse occur evenly in all circles the community. From the top to street children, especially among teenagers and students.
In Hawaii and the United methamphetamine known as “ice”, in Korea and Philippines called “glass”, while in Japan known as “Shabu”. The term used for the amphetamine group of drugs that are have structural limitations in clinical use but are very potential to be toxic addiction and misused. Betafenilisopropilamin class is the basic form of the class of amphetamines and was first synthesized in 1887
Amphetamine widely used clinically for the treatment of narcolepsy, Attention Defict Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), and obesity. But the efficacy and safety are still controversial in some countries and its use is prohibited.
For narcolepsy recommended dose is between 20-60 mg / day. In ADHD doses ranged from 2.5 to 40 mg / day. While on obesity, amphetamine often lead to addiction and abuse. In a short time clearly suppress appetite, but if there will be a long-term tolerance to the effects of anorexia.
Amphetamine is a powerful stimulant to the central nervous system by the action of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in peripheral sympathomimetic drugs mimic indirect. In the central nervous amphetamine stimulates the cerebral cortex, striatum, limbic system and brain stem.
In humans with small or moderate doses (5-15mg) will affect the central nervous system with symptoms:
- Increased vigilance
- Increased locomotor activity
- Improve mood
- Lowering of appetite
- Euphoria
On the use of a single high dose (> 20-30 mg) or continuous use of small doses over several days amphetamine can induce a state of toxic psychosis characterized by:
- Thought delusional
- Hallucinations hear
These symptoms are closely associated with an acute paranoid schizophrenic.
On the use of high dose will cause:
- Convulsions
- Movement of stereotyped
- Psychosis
In Hawaii and the United methamphetamine known as “ice”, in Korea and Philippines called “glass”, while in Japan known as “Shabu”. The term used for the amphetamine group of drugs that are have structural limitations in clinical use but are very potential to be toxic addiction and misused. Betafenilisopropilamin class is the basic form of the class of amphetamines and was first synthesized in 1887
Amphetamine widely used clinically for the treatment of narcolepsy, Attention Defict Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), and obesity. But the efficacy and safety are still controversial in some countries and its use is prohibited.
For narcolepsy recommended dose is between 20-60 mg / day. In ADHD doses ranged from 2.5 to 40 mg / day. While on obesity, amphetamine often lead to addiction and abuse. In a short time clearly suppress appetite, but if there will be a long-term tolerance to the effects of anorexia.
Amphetamine is a powerful stimulant to the central nervous system by the action of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in peripheral sympathomimetic drugs mimic indirect. In the central nervous amphetamine stimulates the cerebral cortex, striatum, limbic system and brain stem.
In humans with small or moderate doses (5-15mg) will affect the central nervous system with symptoms:
- Increased vigilance
- Increased locomotor activity
- Improve mood
- Lowering of appetite
- Euphoria
On the use of a single high dose (> 20-30 mg) or continuous use of small doses over several days amphetamine can induce a state of toxic psychosis characterized by:
- Thought delusional
- Hallucinations hear
These symptoms are closely associated with an acute paranoid schizophrenic.
On the use of high dose will cause:
- Convulsions
- Movement of stereotyped
- Psychosis
20.12.11
Preservation of fruits with BEESWAX
The fruits have an important role as a source of vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional adequacy of nutrition support. Bananas, for example, is one of the fruit contains a lot of carbohydrates and vitamin C. Similarly, citrus fruit and pear is a good source of vitamins and minerals which are quite good.
Not bear fruit kept longer and is also very susceptible to decomposition when people generally prefer to eat fresh fruit that is still in its original form.
Once harvested the fruit carries metabolic activity including respiration and transpiration. Respiration and transpiration activity will result in loss of substrate and water in the fruit until the fruit weight decreased. Respiratory activity can also lead to decrease vitamin C in fruit because ascorbic acid is very sensitive to oxidation. Further respiratory activity also resulted in soluble solids in fruit growing due to the accumulation of starch metabolism of glucose results.
One way to maintain the quality and freshness of the fruit is a layer of wax. Wax coating on the surface to prevent evaporation of water so it can slow withering away, inhibiting respiration rate, and polish the skin to increase the attractiveness of fruit for consumers. Wax coating and the thickness of the appropriate concentrations can prevent aerobic conditions in the fruit and provide the necessary protection against cuts and scratches on the surface of the fruit.
Several conditions need to wax as coating materials, among others: do not affect the smell and taste the fruit is coated, easy to dry, not fragile, shiny and smooth, does not produce a thick surface, low in cost, and non-toxic.
Beeswax are one of unexpected sources meet these requirements. Beeswax is a stable chemical nature of the melting point revolves around 61-690C, 200C gravity at around 0.96 and insoluble in water and slightly soluble in cold alcohol
Not bear fruit kept longer and is also very susceptible to decomposition when people generally prefer to eat fresh fruit that is still in its original form.
Once harvested the fruit carries metabolic activity including respiration and transpiration. Respiration and transpiration activity will result in loss of substrate and water in the fruit until the fruit weight decreased. Respiratory activity can also lead to decrease vitamin C in fruit because ascorbic acid is very sensitive to oxidation. Further respiratory activity also resulted in soluble solids in fruit growing due to the accumulation of starch metabolism of glucose results.
One way to maintain the quality and freshness of the fruit is a layer of wax. Wax coating on the surface to prevent evaporation of water so it can slow withering away, inhibiting respiration rate, and polish the skin to increase the attractiveness of fruit for consumers. Wax coating and the thickness of the appropriate concentrations can prevent aerobic conditions in the fruit and provide the necessary protection against cuts and scratches on the surface of the fruit.
Several conditions need to wax as coating materials, among others: do not affect the smell and taste the fruit is coated, easy to dry, not fragile, shiny and smooth, does not produce a thick surface, low in cost, and non-toxic.
Beeswax are one of unexpected sources meet these requirements. Beeswax is a stable chemical nature of the melting point revolves around 61-690C, 200C gravity at around 0.96 and insoluble in water and slightly soluble in cold alcohol
2.12.11
How to Measure The Quality of Marriage?
Marital quality is closely connected with the concept of 'good marriage'. Measurement of marital quality may be through:
Happiness In Marriage (Marital Happiness).
Components of marital quality is the most widely used gauges. This concept refers to the feelings experienced by a person in her marriage. Happiness is a difficult concept is understood that no one can balance between the 'happiness' and 'unhappiness'. This difficulty is caused because it was dealing with complex emotions within oneself.
Satisfaction In Marriage (Marital Satisfaction).
The second component is to measure the quality of marriage through marital satisfaction experienced by the couple. This concept refers to the desires, hopes, and desires of each individual are met in a marriage. This component as a comprehensive assessment of an individual is subjective.
Adjustment In Marriage (Marital Adjustment).
This concept used to assess a comprehensive marriage. It used to assess how an individual look at his partner. Adjustments in marriage should be viewed from two different aspects. First, as a process and secondly as a way to judge a marriage. Both are seen as a continuum that moves, starting from the side that can not adapt and end on the side of how an individual can adjust to their partner.
Instability In Marriage (Marital instability).
The final component of the quality of the marriage is marital instability, which is defined as a form of a tendency to make the divorce as a way out of problems encountered. This concept consists of two components, namely the cognitive and behavior. Cognitively, married couples who have an idea that marriage is something that complicate and often thought about divorce. When a component's behavior can be seen in the form of actions such as: talk to friends about the divorce, seeking advice and assistance of lawyers, religious leaders, and counselors about how to divorce or marriage possibilities to deal with divorce.
Happiness In Marriage (Marital Happiness).
Components of marital quality is the most widely used gauges. This concept refers to the feelings experienced by a person in her marriage. Happiness is a difficult concept is understood that no one can balance between the 'happiness' and 'unhappiness'. This difficulty is caused because it was dealing with complex emotions within oneself.
Satisfaction In Marriage (Marital Satisfaction).
The second component is to measure the quality of marriage through marital satisfaction experienced by the couple. This concept refers to the desires, hopes, and desires of each individual are met in a marriage. This component as a comprehensive assessment of an individual is subjective.
Adjustment In Marriage (Marital Adjustment).
This concept used to assess a comprehensive marriage. It used to assess how an individual look at his partner. Adjustments in marriage should be viewed from two different aspects. First, as a process and secondly as a way to judge a marriage. Both are seen as a continuum that moves, starting from the side that can not adapt and end on the side of how an individual can adjust to their partner.
Instability In Marriage (Marital instability).
The final component of the quality of the marriage is marital instability, which is defined as a form of a tendency to make the divorce as a way out of problems encountered. This concept consists of two components, namely the cognitive and behavior. Cognitively, married couples who have an idea that marriage is something that complicate and often thought about divorce. When a component's behavior can be seen in the form of actions such as: talk to friends about the divorce, seeking advice and assistance of lawyers, religious leaders, and counselors about how to divorce or marriage possibilities to deal with divorce.
23.11.11
The Benefits of Exclusive Breastfeeding
The basis of quality human capital formation begins as a baby in the womb, along with breastfeeding (breast milk) from an early age about 30 minutes after birth, especially exclusive breastfeeding is giving only breast milk to babies from birth to age 6 months or at least until age 4 the month.
Breast milk is an ideal source of nutrition with a balanced composition and tailored to the needs of the growing baby. For infants, breast milk is the most perfect food, both quality and quantity. Besides breast milk also contains immune substances which are very important in preventing the onset of various diseases, are also able to increase the inner intimacy between mother and child who desperately needed in the future.
Breast milk is unique to infants because of their chemical composition, has a specific biological value, and has the specific substance. The third trait is exactly what distinguishes breast milk with formula milk. The composition of breast milk vary with the composition of cow's milk, because dairy cows adapted to the growth rate of calves and milk is adjusted to the rate of growth of a human child. Breast milk contains more than 200 constituents, such as albumen, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, growth factors, hormones, enzymes, antibodies and white blood cells.
With proper management of breastfeeding, breast milk foods will be sufficient to meet the needs of a single normal infants until the age of 6 months. According to research, children who are not breastfed have IQ (Intellectual Quotient) over seven to eight points lower than children who were breastfed exclusively.
Exclusive breastfeeding is breastfeeding the baby for 6 months without any other liquid materials such as infant formula, sugar water, honey water, or plain water without any food additives are also other woods such as bananas, biscuits or milk porridge. According to the Institute of medicine, defined as consumption of exclusively breastfed babies will breast milk without supplements of any kind (water, juice, food in any form) except for vitamins, minerals, and treatment.
Exclusive breastfeeding is breastfeeding as early as possible after delivery, provided no timetable and no other food was given, although only water until the baby is six months old.
Breast milk is an ideal source of nutrition with a balanced composition and tailored to the needs of the growing baby. For infants, breast milk is the most perfect food, both quality and quantity. Besides breast milk also contains immune substances which are very important in preventing the onset of various diseases, are also able to increase the inner intimacy between mother and child who desperately needed in the future.
Breast milk is unique to infants because of their chemical composition, has a specific biological value, and has the specific substance. The third trait is exactly what distinguishes breast milk with formula milk. The composition of breast milk vary with the composition of cow's milk, because dairy cows adapted to the growth rate of calves and milk is adjusted to the rate of growth of a human child. Breast milk contains more than 200 constituents, such as albumen, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, growth factors, hormones, enzymes, antibodies and white blood cells.
With proper management of breastfeeding, breast milk foods will be sufficient to meet the needs of a single normal infants until the age of 6 months. According to research, children who are not breastfed have IQ (Intellectual Quotient) over seven to eight points lower than children who were breastfed exclusively.
Exclusive breastfeeding is breastfeeding the baby for 6 months without any other liquid materials such as infant formula, sugar water, honey water, or plain water without any food additives are also other woods such as bananas, biscuits or milk porridge. According to the Institute of medicine, defined as consumption of exclusively breastfed babies will breast milk without supplements of any kind (water, juice, food in any form) except for vitamins, minerals, and treatment.
Exclusive breastfeeding is breastfeeding as early as possible after delivery, provided no timetable and no other food was given, although only water until the baby is six months old.
14.11.11
The Beginning of Science of Psychology
Seen historically can be argued that the oldest science is science philosophy. Other sciences that belong in philosophy, and philosophy is the only science at that time. Therefore, the sciences are incorporated in the philosophy will be influenced by the nature of philosophy, as does psychology.
Eventually, it was realized that philosophy as the only science is less able to meet human needs. It is recognized that matters relating to life is no longer enough simply explained by philosophy. At the time of psychology is still affiliated with the philosophy, rationale thinking in line with the development of science in the days before the Renaissance, namely, as the only science is less able to meet human needs.
Since the beginning of growth until the mid-19th century, more psychology developed by thinkers and philosophers, which underlies the lack of observations on concrete facts. They are more trusting of philosophical thinking and considerations of abstract and speculative. Theories that they create more based on personal experience and understanding at a glance. Therefore, it is understandable that the psychology of the time are less credible.
In a further development of psychology, felt the need to use other methods, to ensure objectivity as a science, ie using the "empirical". Empirical methods rely on: experience, observation, and experimental (empirical, empiria, which means the experience and observation), where this is in line with the findings of modern science that has been initiated in the Renaissance.
Renaissance (14-17 M) instill a strong influence for the development of modern science that shows several things, such as:
observations, the removal of all the things that are not included in the observed events, idealization, the preparation of a speculative theory of events such, forecasting, measurement and experiments to test the theory based on mathematical predictions.
With this development, the psychology that had been transformed into a psychological conception of the philosophic nature is empirical. In this case, even psychology eventually broke away from philosophy, psychology but still has a relationship with philosophy, even the sciences that have split off from philosophy was still there a relationship with philosophy, especially philosophy of science, especially on matters that concerning the nature, nature, and purpose of science.
Thus, it will be analyzed more about the actuality of philosophy of science in the development of science as the basis for his philosophy, particularly psychology. Both in terms of ontology, epistemology and its axiology.
Eventually, it was realized that philosophy as the only science is less able to meet human needs. It is recognized that matters relating to life is no longer enough simply explained by philosophy. At the time of psychology is still affiliated with the philosophy, rationale thinking in line with the development of science in the days before the Renaissance, namely, as the only science is less able to meet human needs.
Since the beginning of growth until the mid-19th century, more psychology developed by thinkers and philosophers, which underlies the lack of observations on concrete facts. They are more trusting of philosophical thinking and considerations of abstract and speculative. Theories that they create more based on personal experience and understanding at a glance. Therefore, it is understandable that the psychology of the time are less credible.
In a further development of psychology, felt the need to use other methods, to ensure objectivity as a science, ie using the "empirical". Empirical methods rely on: experience, observation, and experimental (empirical, empiria, which means the experience and observation), where this is in line with the findings of modern science that has been initiated in the Renaissance.
Renaissance (14-17 M) instill a strong influence for the development of modern science that shows several things, such as:
observations, the removal of all the things that are not included in the observed events, idealization, the preparation of a speculative theory of events such, forecasting, measurement and experiments to test the theory based on mathematical predictions.
With this development, the psychology that had been transformed into a psychological conception of the philosophic nature is empirical. In this case, even psychology eventually broke away from philosophy, psychology but still has a relationship with philosophy, even the sciences that have split off from philosophy was still there a relationship with philosophy, especially philosophy of science, especially on matters that concerning the nature, nature, and purpose of science.
Thus, it will be analyzed more about the actuality of philosophy of science in the development of science as the basis for his philosophy, particularly psychology. Both in terms of ontology, epistemology and its axiology.
6.10.11
Teaching and Learning Activities
Education is primarily a process to assist people in developing themselves so that they can cope with change and problems. One important thing that contributed to the success of education is teaching and learning activities in schools. Students, teachers, and infrastructure are a component in learning. Students as subjects and teachers as facilitators in learning. Student activity is very influential in the learning process. Understanding of the students is also very important for teachers so that teachers can create the right circumstances in a teaching-learning process and provide the optimal effect for students to achieve good learning results.
Learning system must be more innovative and attractive so as to enhance students' understanding of a concept to the maximum towards a learning creativity.
Learning that can be used is the inquiry approach (discovery). This approach is based on mental processes in which students assimilate the concepts and principles. Mental processes, such as observing, classifying, making allegations, explain, measure, draw conclusions and so on. One type of inquiry approach is a guided inquiry approach. In this approach, the teacher provides guidance or instruction to students, most of the planning is made of teachers, and students do not formulate the problem or problems.
Practicum is one way to find a concept and principle in which students actively experience and prove to them self about what is being learned. In this way students are totally involved in doing yourself, analyze, demonstrate and draw your own conclusions about the object, situation or process anything. When the guided inquiry method is carried out through the practicum students will be able to actively assimilate the concepts and principles so that students are able to understand the lesson. Guidance and instruction from the teacher will facilitate students in the process of discovery of concepts and principles in the subject matter. Thus the quality of the learning process and student achievement will increase.
Learning system must be more innovative and attractive so as to enhance students' understanding of a concept to the maximum towards a learning creativity.
Learning that can be used is the inquiry approach (discovery). This approach is based on mental processes in which students assimilate the concepts and principles. Mental processes, such as observing, classifying, making allegations, explain, measure, draw conclusions and so on. One type of inquiry approach is a guided inquiry approach. In this approach, the teacher provides guidance or instruction to students, most of the planning is made of teachers, and students do not formulate the problem or problems.
Practicum is one way to find a concept and principle in which students actively experience and prove to them self about what is being learned. In this way students are totally involved in doing yourself, analyze, demonstrate and draw your own conclusions about the object, situation or process anything. When the guided inquiry method is carried out through the practicum students will be able to actively assimilate the concepts and principles so that students are able to understand the lesson. Guidance and instruction from the teacher will facilitate students in the process of discovery of concepts and principles in the subject matter. Thus the quality of the learning process and student achievement will increase.
The responsibility for education of children
As we all know that the responsibility for education of children is concentrated on three (3) organizations that are family, school and community as an educational center. If we look at the three institutions responsible for education, the school actually is the second element in the educational institutions. But recently the school into a major institution responsible for education.
Education should be implemented at an early age. If children at an early age was trained to do something good, then after they've grown up and grown accustomed to feeling happy to do it and not perceived as a burden. Carry out the virtues and noble manners require different training and awareness in order to get to do it with ease. Truly a small train and educate children from an early age to do well is an effort to lay the foundation of virtue, was eventually becomes a habit.
Family environment should be the lead agency role in educational change. Lack of available time at home and hanging out with the entire family is as busy as a result of routine job faced by family members, especially fathers and mothers, who in turn controls and attention to their children is not fulfilled. Given these problems, many parents who give education to children are formal institutions such as schools. Thus, education is the responsibility of the formal educational institutions (schools).
One of the responsibilities borne by the school in educating their child's education is a noble spirit away from crime and disgrace. A child requires a deepening of values and norms and morals into their souls. Moral education for children is important because children are individuals who are still in progress towards the optimum, so the child can be formed from an early age. Therefore the school as educational institutions is very dominant in giving attention to the moral education of children, because good and bad morals of children indirectly affected by the education conducted at schools.
Today there are many behaviors which concern undertaken by children, such as stealing, lying, and daring to both parents. The decline of politeness and other behaviors that demonstrate the low morals. Then it's time as an educational institution (school) to always be aware of his responsibility as educators to pay attention to their students, especially in moral education in order to achieve a noble person.
Education should be implemented at an early age. If children at an early age was trained to do something good, then after they've grown up and grown accustomed to feeling happy to do it and not perceived as a burden. Carry out the virtues and noble manners require different training and awareness in order to get to do it with ease. Truly a small train and educate children from an early age to do well is an effort to lay the foundation of virtue, was eventually becomes a habit.
Family environment should be the lead agency role in educational change. Lack of available time at home and hanging out with the entire family is as busy as a result of routine job faced by family members, especially fathers and mothers, who in turn controls and attention to their children is not fulfilled. Given these problems, many parents who give education to children are formal institutions such as schools. Thus, education is the responsibility of the formal educational institutions (schools).
One of the responsibilities borne by the school in educating their child's education is a noble spirit away from crime and disgrace. A child requires a deepening of values and norms and morals into their souls. Moral education for children is important because children are individuals who are still in progress towards the optimum, so the child can be formed from an early age. Therefore the school as educational institutions is very dominant in giving attention to the moral education of children, because good and bad morals of children indirectly affected by the education conducted at schools.
Today there are many behaviors which concern undertaken by children, such as stealing, lying, and daring to both parents. The decline of politeness and other behaviors that demonstrate the low morals. Then it's time as an educational institution (school) to always be aware of his responsibility as educators to pay attention to their students, especially in moral education in order to achieve a noble person.
E-Learning Education
Education in the future is expected to be flexible, open, and can be accessed by anyone who requires a factor indiscriminate sex, age, and previous educational experience. The education process will be determined by the network information that enables interaction and collaboration. Development of Information Technology, particularly in education, can connect between the students with the professor; students see the value, see the schedule of lectures, send the tasks assigned Lecturer and so on the internet online.
One of the learning methods possible to use the internet facility is e-Learning. In the United States (U.S.), e-Learning has been used in nearly 90% of the university which has over 10,000 students. Internet use increased by about 100% per year contributed to considerable progress in the use of e-Learning.
Learning e-Portfolio can be used to show a clear outcome and output process of learning and student learning, present the framework for the assessment of academic progress (achievement of study) and to show continuous skills development. In the process of education, e-Portfolio has a function: the process of recognition, recording, validation, reflection, exposure/presenting, planning, and assessment. Program assessment is an activity designed to determine the level of student achievement in reaching the goal of learning as well as to provide feedback in an effort to help students achieve learning objectives.
E-Portfolio is used as a means to measure the output (learning outcome) and outcome (impact study) that can be used to measure the performance of the institution as a form of education. Assessment is a tool to make improvements in the educational process but rather part and the end of an educational process as an assessment. Assessment values are very effective and practical education begins by making learning objectives that should be given to students and self-assessment will help students to achieve learning goals.
One of the learning methods possible to use the internet facility is e-Learning. In the United States (U.S.), e-Learning has been used in nearly 90% of the university which has over 10,000 students. Internet use increased by about 100% per year contributed to considerable progress in the use of e-Learning.
Learning e-Portfolio can be used to show a clear outcome and output process of learning and student learning, present the framework for the assessment of academic progress (achievement of study) and to show continuous skills development. In the process of education, e-Portfolio has a function: the process of recognition, recording, validation, reflection, exposure/presenting, planning, and assessment. Program assessment is an activity designed to determine the level of student achievement in reaching the goal of learning as well as to provide feedback in an effort to help students achieve learning objectives.
E-Portfolio is used as a means to measure the output (learning outcome) and outcome (impact study) that can be used to measure the performance of the institution as a form of education. Assessment is a tool to make improvements in the educational process but rather part and the end of an educational process as an assessment. Assessment values are very effective and practical education begins by making learning objectives that should be given to students and self-assessment will help students to achieve learning goals.
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