Beware of the dangers of narcotics & drugs

Cases of abuse of narcotics and other additives in the last year increased sharply. At first glance, the use of narcotics and drug abuse occur evenly in all circles the community. From the top to street children, especially among teenagers and students.

In Hawaii and the United methamphetamine known as “ice”, in Korea and Philippines called “glass”, while in Japan known as “Shabu”. The term used for the amphetamine group of drugs that are have structural limitations in clinical use but are very potential to be toxic addiction and misused. Betafenilisopropilamin class is the basic form of the class of amphetamines and was first synthesized in 1887

Amphetamine widely used clinically for the treatment of narcolepsy, Attention Defict Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), and obesity. But the efficacy and safety are still controversial in some countries and its use is prohibited.

For narcolepsy recommended dose is between 20-60 mg / day. In ADHD doses ranged from 2.5 to 40 mg / day. While on obesity, amphetamine often lead to addiction and abuse. In a short time clearly suppress appetite, but if there will be a long-term tolerance to the effects of anorexia.

Amphetamine is a powerful stimulant to the central nervous system by the action of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in peripheral sympathomimetic drugs mimic indirect. In the central nervous amphetamine stimulates the cerebral cortex, striatum, limbic system and brain stem.

In humans with small or moderate doses (5-15mg) will affect the central nervous system with symptoms:
- Increased vigilance
- Increased locomotor activity
- Improve mood
- Lowering of appetite
- Euphoria

On the use of a single high dose (> 20-30 mg) or continuous use of small doses over several days amphetamine can induce a state of toxic psychosis characterized by:
- Thought delusional
- Hallucinations hear

These symptoms are closely associated with an acute paranoid schizophrenic.

On the use of high dose will cause:
- Convulsions
- Movement of stereotyped
- Psychosis

How to Measure The Quality of Marriage?

Marital quality is closely connected with the concept of 'good marriage'. Measurement of marital quality may be through:

Happiness In Marriage (Marital Happiness).

Components of marital quality is the most widely used gauges. This concept refers to the feelings experienced by a person in her marriage. Happiness is a difficult concept is understood that no one can balance between the 'happiness' and 'unhappiness'. This difficulty is caused because it was dealing with complex emotions within oneself.

Satisfaction In Marriage (Marital Satisfaction).

The second component is to measure the quality of marriage through marital satisfaction experienced by the couple. This concept refers to the desires, hopes, and desires of each individual are met in a marriage. This component as a comprehensive assessment of an individual is subjective.

Adjustment In Marriage (Marital Adjustment).

This concept used to assess a comprehensive marriage. It used to assess how an individual look at his partner. Adjustments in marriage should be viewed from two different aspects. First, as a process and secondly as a way to judge a marriage. Both are seen as a continuum that moves, starting from the side that can not adapt and end on the side of how an individual can adjust to their partner.

Instability In Marriage (Marital instability).

The final component of the quality of the marriage is marital instability, which is defined as a form of a tendency to make the divorce as a way out of problems encountered. This concept consists of two components, namely the cognitive and behavior. Cognitively, married couples who have an idea that marriage is something that complicate and often thought about divorce. When a component's behavior can be seen in the form of actions such as: talk to friends about the divorce, seeking advice and assistance of lawyers, religious leaders, and counselors about how to divorce or marriage possibilities to deal with divorce.

Early Prevention of Malnutrition

Today has been a lot of problems of nutritional deficiency can be overcome. Nevertheless there are still some countries which still is a problem and require greater attention, namely the problem of micro nutrient deficiency, such as iodine, iron and vitamin A.

Malnutrition at an early age have an adverse impact on adulthood that is manifested in physical form are smaller with lower productivity levels. The impact of malnutrition at an early age becomes increasingly important when consider analysis of existing data. The results strengthen the hypothesis that analysis of the prevalence of malnutrition at an early age to the onset of degenerative diseases in adulthood that is precisely the productive age.

Malnutrition in childhood is always associated with a deficiency of specific vitamins and minerals, which are associated with certain micro nutrients. In recent years increasing attention to the consequences of micro nutrient deficiencies, starting from the increased risk of infectious disease and death that can inhibit growth and mental development.

The consequences of micro nutrient deficiencies during childhood are very dangerous. Iron deficiency can impair mental and motor development of children and also cause anemia. Zinc deficiency can also impair growth and increase the risk of diarrhea and respiratory infections. Given the high prevalence of deficiencies of certain nutrients as well as negative effects, the supplementation of nutrients such as iron and zinc in children will be very useful, especially because it is practically difficult to raise adequate nutrients from the diet of babies around for this. Some of the foods given to infants and children tend to inhibit iron absorption such as phytic acid and zinc contained in grains and dairy cows that can reduce the absorption of iron and zinc.

Specific micro nutrient supplementation always have obstacles and barriers. Nutritional needs of children aged 6-24 months increased with the rapid growth of the child. While breast's milk and eating a poor child can not meet those needs. It would require an alternative to meet the shortfall, that is by way of supplementation of certain substances that can help growing children.

In several countries have done some research on Zn and Fe supplementation. Several studies showed that zinc supplementation can reduce infectious diseases (diarrhea and cough) and increase the growth of children.

The Benefits of Execlusive Breastfeeding for Infants

1. As a nutrition

Each mammals are naturally prepared to have a pair or more of the milk glands. At birth the milk glands to produce milk for baby food. Breastfed infants gained during the process of breastfeeding will meet the nutritional needs of infants so as to support cognitive development.

2. Increase endurance baby

Infants who are still in the womb, are naturally going to get Immunoglobulin (immune substances) from the mother through the umbilical cord. However, levels of this substance will rapidly decline after the baby is born. The new baby's body makes enough antibodies to reach protective levels at aged 9 to 12 months. At levels of innate immune substances decreased, while that formed by the baby's body then there is not enough substance in the baby gap. The gap will disappear or be reduced if infants were given breast milk, because milk is a fluid that contains antibodies that will protect infants from infectious diseases, viruses, parasites, and fungi.

3. Improve intelligence

Development of intelligence is closely related to brain growth. There are two factors that affect intelligence. Genetic factors and environmental factors.

a. Genetic or congenital factors determine the potential genetic or congenital inherited by parents. This factor can not be manipulated or engineered.

b. Environmental factors are the factors that determine whether genetic factors will be achieved at an optimum. This factor has many aspects and can be manipulated or engineered.

In addition to the above major factors that affect brain growth of infants and children is a nutrient or nutrients it receives. The most rapid brain development
occurred at the age of 0-2 or 3 years, in which brain volume will reach 80%.

Therefore, breastfeeding is needed at this time. Although the brain has undergone rapid development during this period, it does not mean that the development of the brain just stop there. The volume of the brain will continue to grow until the age of 12 years. The best nutrition for babies is breast milk for brain development in which are LC-PU FA. Two types of LC-PU FA that is needed for the development of the infant brain is DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) as one type of omega-3 fatty acids and AA (arachidonic acid) as one type of omega-6 fatty acids.

4. Increase compassion

Babies are often located in the arms of his mother for breastfeeding mothers will feel the love. He will also feel safe and secure, especially as it still can hear the heartbeat of his mother he has known since the womb. Feeling protected and cherished is the basis for emotional development of infants and establish a confident personality and a good spiritual foundation.

5. Basic personality development of children

Breastfed babies will strengthen the mother-child bond. Sense of security in the baby will grow when he was in his mother's arms. He enjoys a touch of soft leather and hear the heart of the mother as she had known during the pregnancy. These conditions are the basis for the development of warm emotions in children. Through the process of breastfeeding, the child will learn to share and give love to those around him.

The Benefits of Exclusive Breastfeeding

The basis of quality human capital formation begins as a baby in the womb, along with breastfeeding (breast milk) from an early age about 30 minutes after birth, especially exclusive breastfeeding is giving only breast milk to babies from birth to age 6 months or at least until age 4 the month.

Breast milk is an ideal source of nutrition with a balanced composition and tailored to the needs of the growing baby. For infants, breast milk is the most perfect food, both quality and quantity. Besides breast milk also contains immune substances which are very important in preventing the onset of various diseases, are also able to increase the inner intimacy between mother and child who desperately needed in the future.

Breast milk is unique to infants because of their chemical composition, has a specific biological value, and has the specific substance. The third trait is exactly what distinguishes breast milk with formula milk. The composition of breast milk vary with the composition of cow's milk, because dairy cows adapted to the growth rate of calves and milk is adjusted to the rate of growth of a human child. Breast milk contains more than 200 constituents, such as albumen, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, growth factors, hormones, enzymes, antibodies and white blood cells.

With proper management of breastfeeding, breast milk foods will be sufficient to meet the needs of a single normal infants until the age of 6 months. According to research, children who are not breastfed have IQ (Intellectual Quotient) over seven to eight points lower than children who were breastfed exclusively.

Exclusive breastfeeding is breastfeeding the baby for 6 months without any other liquid materials such as infant formula, sugar water, honey water, or plain water without any food additives are also other woods such as bananas, biscuits or milk porridge. According to the Institute of medicine, defined as consumption of exclusively breastfed babies will breast milk without supplements of any kind (water, juice, food in any form) except for vitamins, minerals, and treatment.

Exclusive breastfeeding is breastfeeding as early as possible after delivery, provided no timetable and no other food was given, although only water until the baby is six months old.

The Benefits of Exclusive Breastfeeding for Mother

1. Reducing bleeding after childbirth

If the baby is breastfed immediately after birth so the likelihood of bleeding after delivery will be reduced. When the baby is sucking the mother's nipple, pituitary gland will be stimulated to increase production of the hormone oxytocin to stimulate contractions of the muscles in the breast milk so the milk line radiated out. This is because in breastfeeding mothers increased levels of oxytocin which is useful for blood vessel constriction or closure more quickly so that the bleeding will stop.

2. Reduce the occurrence of anemia

When postpartum hemorrhage did not occur or stop sooner, then the risk of blood deficiency causing anemia in the mother will be reduced. Cessation of bleeding after delivery will reduce the risk of death and blood deficiency causing anemia in the mother.

3. Spacing pregnancies

Other benefits of exclusive breastfeeding is a natural contraceptive that can prevent pregnancy. The possibility to prevent pregnancy can reach 99%. However, there are three conditions that must be met, the baby has not fed the other, not yet six months old baby, and mother has not menstruate.

4. Shrink the uterus

Oxytocin levels increased breastfeeding mothers will greatly help the uterus return to pre-pregnancy size. This reduction process will be faster compared with mothers who did not breastfeed. With breastfeeding, maternal fat reserves that is prepared as an energy source will be used during pregnancy as the milk-forming energy. As a result, the fat reserves will shrink, so the mother's weight loss will happen more quickly.

5. More quickly slim back

Breastfeeding requires then the body will take energy from the fat accumulated during pregnancy. Thus, mothers who breast-feeding weight will quickly return to pre-pregnancy weight.

6. Reduce the likelihood of suffering from cancer

In women who are exclusively breastfed, the possibility of suffering from breast and ovarian cancer is reduced. Some research suggests that breastfeeding would reduce the likelihood of breast cancer. In general, if all women can continue to breastfeed until the baby is 2 years old or older, suspected breast cancer incidence was reduced to 25%.

7. More economical / cheap

With the benefits of breastfeeding means saving expenditures for infant formula, breastfeeding supplies, preparation of formula milk to drink. In addition, breast-feeding also saves baby's expenses for medical treatment, such as the cost of physician services, the cost of purchasing drugs, perhaps even the cost of hospital care.

8. No hassle and time saving

Milk may be given to the baby without having to prepare or cook water, also without having to wash bottles, and without waiting for the milk is not too hot. Bottle feeding would be more troublesome, especially at night.

9. Portable and practical

Easy to carry anywhere (portable), so the move does not need to carry a variety of tools to drink formula and not have to carry an electric appliance to cook or warm milk. Milk can be given anywhere and anytime in a state ready to eat / drink, as well as the temperature is always right.

10. Provide satisfaction for the mother

Mothers who had exclusive breastfeeding will feel a deep satisfaction and happiness. Sense of pride and happiness because it can give something of himself for the sake of her baby (breastfeeding) will strengthen the inner relationship between mother and baby.

The Myths of Exclusive Breastfeeding

Many myths about breastfeeding makes the mother became less confident to breastfeed their babies. Myth was not reasonable and makes the mother becomes chose to stop breastfeeding and formula feeding choose as an alternative.

These myths were:

1. Breastfeeding causes difficulty losing weight

The data prove that breastfeeding can help mothers lose weight more quickly than those not breast feed exclusively. For the feeding of fat deposits that occur during pregnancy will be used in the process of breastfeeding, while women who do not breastfeed will be difficult to eliminate fat deposits that specifically prepared the body for breastfeeding.

2. Breastfeeding change the shape of the breast

Actually the change of the breasts is a pregnancy, not breastfeeding. Pregnancy causes the release of hormones and cause the formation of water that fills the breast milk. Breast that had been occupied by the milk, would be differently shaped breasts that have never filled milk. Magnitude of change in breast shape depends on the derivative of (hereditary), age, and also by the weight gain during pregnancy.

3. Breast milk has not come out on the first days that need to be supplemented with formula. 

On the first day the baby is actually not require liquid or food, so it has not required formula feeding breast milk or other liquid prior to exit (prenatal liquid feeding). Babies age of 30 minutes should be given breast milk, not for nutrition but to learn to breastfeed or get used to suck the nipple, and also to prepare mothers to produce milk. Movement reflex to suck in the newborn will peak at age 20 - 30 minutes, so that in case of late lactation, this reflex will be reduced and no longer stronger until several hours later.

Giving prenatal feeding was not really necessary, because it would harm the mother, the mother's breast milk will be slower formation because the baby is not strong enough to suck and hurt the baby because the baby will not receive colostrum. If your baby gets little or no colostrum, will more often suffer from diarrhea or other illnesses, especially if the infant formula or other liquids contaminated prenatal. Besides, if it is given by the dot prenatal fluids, likely the baby will have difficulty taking on the nipple.

4. Working mothers not to breast feed exclusively

At a working mother, another way to still be able to breastfeed her baby exclusively on breast milk is by giving to the baby during the mother's work. During the mothers in the workplace, better breast milk milked a minimum of 2 x 15 minutes. Expressing breast milk should only be using your fingers, do not use a trumpet-shaped pump. Dairy milk stand 6-8 hours in the air outside, 24 hours in a flask containing ice cubes, 48 ​​hours in the refrigerator, and 3 months when in the freezer. With the help of "Mother Friendly Workplace", which allows an employee workplace breastfeeding exclusively, the success of working mothers for exclusive breastfeeding will become even greater.

5. Small breasts do not produce enough milk

Large or small breast form does not determine much or at least milk production, because only large breasts contain more fatty tissue than small breasts. While breast milk is formed by forming glandular breast tissue (alveoli) and not fat tissue.

6. The first breast milk should be thrown out because of gross

Milk that comes out on day 1 to day 5 and day-to-7 is called colostrum. This yellowish clear fluid containing albumen, or high levels of protein, anti-infective agents, or immune substances (immunoglobulins), in levels higher than in mature milk, as it also contains lactose, or carbohydrate and fat low levels of so easily digested.
The volume of colostrum varies between 10 cc to 100 cc per day. This low volume provides a minimal load for the kidneys of immature infants. The main task of colostrum is to protect infants against infectious diseases other than as a nutrient.

7. Due to drink a lot, not enough can be breastfed babies

Most babies are not due to a lack of breastfeeding mothers can not produce as much milk the baby takes, but it is a baby who can not suck as much as it needs. Milk production is stimulated by the emptying of the breast. Milk produced in accordance with the needs of the baby. During the baby still needs breast milk, as long as it's also the mother's breasts will still produce milk. If the baby stops breast-feeding by sucking, the mother's breasts will stop producing milk.

The ability to read at an Early Age

The ability to read is the basis for mastering a variety of fields of study. If school-age children at the beginning did not immediately have the ability to read, then the child will experience many difficulties in studying the various fields of study at the next class.

Children must learn to read to reading to learn. Reading is an appropriate means to promote a life-long learning. By teaching the children how to read it means giving the child a future that gives a technique how to explore the "world" which was selected and provides an opportunity to get a purpose in life.

Reading lessons in children must consider many factors, including adjustments to the ability of the child, the child's interest and the factors that influence the process of learning to read. Many teachers and parents who are less and not even realize the importance of these factors, especially the effective methods to teach reading to children age kindergarten. Giving the wrong method can lead to disruption of the psychological development of children. Teaching in Kindergarten should pay attention to aspects of cognition, motivation, values ​​and development of sensing students.

The material is taught in kindergarten should be more emphasized the significance of learning for children, it means learning activities undertaken by children is the real activity of life which enables children to carry out activities according to their talents, interests and abilities. Children are not forced to do activities the same education regardless of the uniqueness of every individual.

The best time to learn to read at about the same time with the children learn to speak, where the sensitivity occurs in a lifespan of three (3) to five (5) years, when the child's ability to learn to read being on top. This is due to the psychological fact almost no difference between reading the words spoken by learning to read words written, the difference is, the words of greeting to the ears of children through sound waves while the form of written words via light waves .

One of the ways to learn is with images that are used with the aim of making children interested in learning to be given, because children are usually easily attracted by a variety of images.

Motion Coordination Skills for Cerebral Palsy Child

Cerebral Palsy Children is a disorder of movement and posture caused by damage to brain regions that control motor function. From the definition above may be taken of a child's understanding of cerebral palsy, they were impaired (impairment) is characterized by the presence of disturbances in motor system of muscle movement or posture that can also be accompanied by the condition of mental retardation or other neurological symptoms, all of which is due control muscle function due to abnormalities in the brain area or brain dysfunction due to prior development of the perfect.

Cerebral palsy child's motor skills are very limited, therefore, should be studied systematically in order motion capability can be improved. To develop the motor skills of cerebral palsy children requires time and patience. Exercises should be done regularly and repeatedly, on a regular schedule, so that success can be immediately felt.

The main component of independence for the child's Cerebral Palsy is the ability to coordinate movement of his limbs. The problems faced by Cerebral palsy children is difficulty in conditioning the motion of the body, resulting in disruption experienced by them on members of the motion. As for the disruption they experienced them, muscle spasms either whole or in part.

The presence of inuvoluntary movements are movements that are not intentional and can not be prevented, so it felt very disturbing. The deficiency of balance of the body that causes incorrect or false allegations such as the time step size. Small movements such as continuous vibration on the hands, head or eyes. The presence of muscles in the body is always stiff. The disorder causes movement disorders in children activities such as eating movement, stepping movements, the movement of writing and other activities.

To overcome the above Cerebral Palsy child needs to exercise motor skills so that they have a matching motor coordination or harmony so that they can take care of themselves which is a basic function in everyday life by developing a customized motor coordination skills with ability. This can improve them a better life for themselves and for their families and their environment.

Exercise motor coordination skills in cerebral palsy child requires a special form of motion, and specific principles. Thus, in practice these motor coordination skills using basic dance form of motion on the grounds that the dance is a branch of the art of dance in general is very well-liked